The
terrestrial ecosystem of Nepal is much too diverse and complex to arrive at a
convenient consensus on classification, geographically three broad division of
land classification, i.e., mountain, hill, and plain with their associated habitat
types would perhaps provide a simple system for classification. The master plan
for forestry sector adopted the system prescribed by the land resources mapping
project for physiographic classification.
Sunday, September 2, 2012
Biodiversity profile of Nepal
The biogeographically
position of Nepal is very reassuming for the fact that Nepal may claim the wealth
of two very large and diverse realms of the worked. i.e., the Pale arctic in the
northern region and the oriental in the southern region. Its location in the central
sector of the Himalayan are further enhances the bioclimatic
Friday, August 10, 2012
Inter-relation between environment and sustainable dvelopment
नेपाल बाताबरण
संरक्षण ऐन २०५३ अनुसार बाताबरण भन्नाले प्राकृतिक, सांस्कृतिक, र सामाजिक
प्रणाली, आर्थिक तथा मानबिय क्रियाकलापहरु र यिनका अबयबहरुबिचको अन्तरक्रिया तथा
अन्तर सम्बन्ध भन्ने बुझिन्छ
·
बाताबरणलाई प्रतिकुल असर पर्न नदिईकनगरिने विकास
दिगो हुन्छ भने दिगो विकास भएमा बाताबरण संरक्षण र संबर्धन हुन जान्छ
विकासलाई दिगो पर्न मानवका क्रियाकलाप निम्नलिखित कुरातर्फा केन्द्रित हुनु पर्छ
·
मानिसका आर्थिक, सामाजिक आबस्यकता पूरा गर्ने
·
समयको गति संगैआबस्यक नविकरणीय श्रोतको प्रयोग
गर्ने
·
अनाबिकरनिय श्रो माथिको निर्भरता क्रमस घटाउने
·
प्रकृतिमा तत्कालै नष्ट नहुने बिषादीको प्रयोग र
येस्मथिको निर्भरता लाई सिमित पर्दै घटाउदै लैजाने
·
वर्तमान र भावीपुस्ताका आबश्यकता सजिलै पूरा गर्न
सकियोस भनेर सम्पूर्ण श्रोत साधनको दक्ष एबं न्यायोचित उपयोग गर्ने
·
सामाजिकआर्थिक र वाताबरनिय पक्षको
अन्तरनिर्भरतालाईउजागर गर्ने
·
पर्यबरनिय प्रक्रिया र जैविक विविधताको एकतालाई
संरक्षण गर्ने
दिगो विकासको महत्व तथा सान्दर्भिकता
·
प्रकृति र मानब बिचको सामन्जस्यपूर्ण सम्बन्धको
स्थापना गर्न
·
प्राकृतिक श्रोत साधनको संरक्षणका लागि
विश्वब्यापी अभियानको सुरुवात गर्न
·
बिकासको अभिन्न अंग संग आबद्ध गर्न
·
भविष्यको आबश्य्कता लाई दृष्टिगत गरि वर्तमान
आबस्यकताको परिपुर्तिमा जोड दिन
·
दिगो विकास र बाताबरणलाई परिपुरकताको मान्यता दिन
·
विकासलाई गरिबी निवारण, रोजगारी आदि संग आबद्ध
गर्न
·
विश्वब्यापी मानबिय सुरक्षामा जोड दिन
जब सम्म ग्रामिण दुर
दराजका क्षेत्र सम्म दिगो बिकासको अबधारणाको सोच पुग्न सक्दैन त्यतिबेला सम्म
जतिनै राम्रा सैद्धान्तिक सवाल र सान्दर्भिकताहरु प्रस्तुत गरेपनि विकास दिगो
हुँदैन
Human development approach
1.
Concept of economic growth and development
2.
Concept of human capital
3.
Concept of equitable economic growth
4.
Concept of basic needs
5.
Concept of sustainable development
Four
Essential Pillars of Human Development
1.
Equity
2.
Sustainability
3.
Productivity
EmpowermentBiodiversity
What
is bio-diversity?
Bio-diversity
or biological diversity refers to the variety of the life forms on earth, the
different plants, animals and micro-organism, the genes they contain and the
ecosystem they form.
Consequences of deforestation
1.
Increase in natural disaster
2.
Environmental degradation
3.
Soil erosion
4.
Increase in desertification
5.
Disappearance of plants and animals
6.
Irregularity in rainfall
7.
Decrease in underground level of water
8.
Decrease in supply of raw materials
Causes of deforestation
1.
Rapid population growth
2.
Need for domestic fuel
3.
Over grazing
4.
lack of alternative energy
Mountain region
1.
Marginal mountain region
2.
Inner mountain region
3.
Main mountain region
4.
Hilly mountain region
5.
Middle/central mountain region
Mahabharata
rangeEffects of climate change to agriculture and food security
1.
Global agriculture will face many challenges
over the coming decades
2.
Some agricultural region will be retained by
climate change, while other may be benefited
3.
Higher temperature will influence production
pattern
Disaster types
1.
Natural disaster
2.
Man-made disaster
Bad-effects
by disaster
1.
Lose of life
2.
Injury
3.
Damage to and destruction of property
4.
Damage to and destruction of substance and cash
crops
5.
Disruption of production
6.
Disruption of lifestyle
7.
Loss of livelihood
8.
Disruption to essential services
9.
Damage to natural infrastructure
10.
national economic loss
11.
Sociological and psychological effects
Indicators of disaster denoted by the ADB
1.
Earthquake
2.
Volcanic eruption
3.
Tsunami
4.
Tropical cyclone –typhoon, hurricane
Migration and its factors
Migration
Migration
is the movement of people from one place in the world to another for the
purpose of taking up permanent or semi permanent residence, usually across a
political boundary.
Factors
of migration
Negative effect of urbanization
1.
General instability
2.
Food and water shortage
3.
Disease and pollution
4.
Computing power structure
Environmental effects of deforestation
1.
Loss of traditional culture
2.
Loss of species
3.
Soil erosion
a. Desertification
Environment effect of ozone depletion
Ozone
depletion effect
1.
Climate change
a. Accumulation
of troposphere ozone and acid aerosols, causing worsening air pollution and
acid rain
Indicators of sustainability by UNCSD
1.
Poverty
a. Proportion
of population living below national poverty line
b. Ratio
of share in national income of highest to lowest quintile
c. Proportion
of population using an improved sanitation facilities
d. Share
of household without electricity or other modern energy services
e. Proportion
of urban population living in slums
2.
Governance
a. Percentage
of population having paid bribes
b. No
of international homicides per 100,000 population
3.
Health
a. Under
five mortality rate
b. Life
expectancy at birth
c. Percentage
of population with access to primary health care facilities
d. Immunization
against infections childhood diseases
e. Nutritional
status of children
f.
Morbidity of major diseases like AIDS, malaria,
tuberculosis, etc.
4.
Education
a. Gross
intake ratio to last grade of primary education
b. Adult
secondary schooling attainment level
c. Net
enrolment rate in primary education
d. Adult
literacy rate
5.
Demographic
a. Population
growth rate
b. Dependency
ratio
6.
Natural hazard
a. Percentage
of total population living in coastal areas
b. Proportion
of fish stocks with in safe biological limits
c. Promotion
of marine area protected
7.
Atmosphere
a. Carbon
dioxide emission
b. consumption
of emission of ozone depleting substance
c. Ambient
concentration of air pollutants in urban areas
8.
Land
a. Arable
and permanent cropland area
b. Proportion
of land area covered by forest
9.
Oceans and seas
a. Percentage
of total population living in coastal areas
b. Proportion
of fish stocks with in the safe biological limits
c. Proportion
of marine area protected
10.
Fresh water
a. Proportion
of total water resources used
b. Water
use of intensity by economic activities
c. Presence
of fiscal califorms in fresh water
11.
Biodiversity
a. Proportion
of terrestrial area protected
b. Change
in threat status of species
12.
Economic development
a. GDP
per capita
b. Investment
share GDP
c. Debt
to GNI ratio
d. Employment
population ratio
e. Labor
productivity and unit labor costs
f.
Share of women in wage employment in the
non-agricultural sector
g. Internal
users per 1 lakh population
h. Tourism
contribution to GDP
13.
Global economic partnership
a. Current
account deficit as percentage of GDP
b. Net
official development assistance given or received as a percentage of GNI
14.
Consumption and production pattern
a. Material
intensity of the economy
b. Annual
energy consumption
c. Intensity
of energy use
d. Generation
of hazardous waste
e. Waste
treatment and disposal
f.
Model split of passenger transportation
Development paradigm and shift in sustainable development
Paradigm
is a comprehensive belier system, world view, or framework that guide practice
in a field.” Willis 2007
The
world atlas of wealth is shrinking while the one of poverty is expanding.”
Development
paradigm-approaches
1.
Relief approach
a. Provide
welfare to poor people
b. Provide
service and goods directly
c. Based
on belief that outside agents must help those who are unable to help themselves
2.
Perform approach
a. Provide
knowledge, skills and awareness
b. Gets
participation to run development activities
c. Outside
agent must help that the people must change their life and run their life in
their own way
3.
Right approach
a. Perceives
that poverty, deprivation and backwardness are outcomes of social structure at
local, national and international levels.
b. Belief
that the basic needs of poor are basic rights that these structures implicitly
or explicitly deny
c. Focuses
on polity, legal and social reformation to assist the marginalization to claim
these as their own basic right
d.
Makes strategies with deprived groups to empower
them to participate in decision making process that affects their lives at all
levels.
Systems needed for the sustainable development
1.
A political system
2.
A production system
3.
A technological system
4.
An administrative system
5.
An economic system
Dimension of sustainable development
1.
Econmomic dimension
a. Pooverty
alleviation orientd economic growth
b. Sound aggregrate
management
c. Sustainable
agriculture development
d. Green accounting
system
2.
Social dimension
a. Equitable
distribution
b. Participatory
system
c. Availability of
social services
d. Social empowerment
3.
Cultural dimension
a. Preservation and
promotion co cultuyreal norms and values
b. Preservation and
utilization of cultural diversity and resources
4.
Environmental dimension
a. Sustainable use of
natural resources
b. Enviranment
management and protection
c. Environment
friendly development
d. Growth and
accumulation of qualitative natural capital and property
e. Conservation of
bio-diversity
5.
Human dimension
a. Increase in
employment oppertunity
b. Ensuring future
c. Promotion of human
values, norms, culture and obligations
d. Increase in human
and Institutional capacity
e. Promotion of
democratic norms and values
f.
Empowerment of poor and disabled
6.
Political dimension
a. Legitimacy and
legitimate government
b. Transparency and
responsibility
c.
Decentralization governing system
Other theories for the sustainable development promotion
1.
Development science and appropriate technology
2.
Holistic science and appropriate technology
3.
Cultural, moral and spiritual sensetivity
4.
Self mobilization
5.
National determination
6.
National sovereignity
7.
Peace, order and national unity
8.
Social justice, inter-generational and spatial
equity
9.
Participatory democracy
10.
Institutional availability
11.
Viable, sound and broad-based economic
development
12.
Sustainable population
13.
Ecological soundness
14.
Bio-geological equity and community based
resource management
15.
Global co-operation.
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