Friday, August 10, 2012

Inter-relation between environment and sustainable dvelopment



नेपाल बाताबरण संरक्षण ऐन २०५३ अनुसार बाताबरण भन्नाले प्राकृतिक, सांस्कृतिक, र सामाजिक प्रणाली, आर्थिक तथा मानबिय क्रियाकलापहरु र यिनका अबयबहरुबिचको अन्तरक्रिया तथा अन्तर सम्बन्ध भन्ने बुझिन्छ
·         बाताबरणलाई प्रतिकुल असर पर्न नदिईकनगरिने विकास दिगो हुन्छ भने दिगो विकास भएमा बाताबरण संरक्षण र संबर्धन हुन जान्छ

विकासलाई दिगो पर्न मानवका क्रियाकलाप निम्नलिखित कुरातर्फा केन्द्रित हुनु पर्छ



·         मानिसका आर्थिक, सामाजिक आबस्यकता पूरा गर्ने
·         समयको गति संगैआबस्यक नविकरणीय श्रोतको प्रयोग गर्ने
·         अनाबिकरनिय श्रो माथिको निर्भरता क्रमस घटाउने
·         प्रकृतिमा तत्कालै नष्ट नहुने बिषादीको प्रयोग र येस्मथिको निर्भरता लाई सिमित पर्दै घटाउदै लैजाने
·         वर्तमान र भावीपुस्ताका आबश्यकता सजिलै पूरा गर्न सकियोस भनेर सम्पूर्ण श्रोत साधनको दक्ष एबं न्यायोचित उपयोग गर्ने
·         सामाजिकआर्थिक र वाताबरनिय पक्षको अन्तरनिर्भरतालाईउजागर गर्ने
·         पर्यबरनिय प्रक्रिया र जैविक विविधताको एकतालाई संरक्षण गर्ने

दिगो विकासको महत्व तथा सान्दर्भिकता



·         प्रकृति र मानब बिचको सामन्जस्यपूर्ण सम्बन्धको स्थापना गर्न
·         प्राकृतिक श्रोत साधनको संरक्षणका लागि विश्वब्यापी अभियानको सुरुवात गर्न
·         बिकासको अभिन्न अंग संग आबद्ध गर्न
·         भविष्यको आबश्य्कता लाई दृष्टिगत गरि वर्तमान आबस्यकताको परिपुर्तिमा जोड दिन
·         दिगो विकास र बाताबरणलाई परिपुरकताको मान्यता दिन
·         विकासलाई गरिबी निवारण, रोजगारी आदि संग आबद्ध गर्न
·         विश्वब्यापी मानबिय सुरक्षामा जोड दिन

जब सम्म ग्रामिण दुर दराजका क्षेत्र सम्म दिगो बिकासको अबधारणाको सोच पुग्न सक्दैन त्यतिबेला सम्म जतिनै राम्रा सैद्धान्तिक सवाल र सान्दर्भिकताहरु प्रस्तुत गरेपनि विकास दिगो हुँदैन

Human development approach


1.       Concept of economic growth and development
2.       Concept of human capital
3.       Concept of equitable economic growth
4.       Concept of basic needs
5.       Concept of sustainable development

Four Essential Pillars of Human Development

1.       Equity
2.       Sustainability
3.       Productivity
Empowerment

Biodiversity


What is bio-diversity?

Bio-diversity or biological diversity refers to the variety of the life forms on earth, the different plants, animals and micro-organism, the genes they contain and the ecosystem they form.

Consequences of deforestation



1.       Increase in natural disaster
2.       Environmental degradation
3.       Soil erosion
4.       Increase in desertification
5.       Disappearance of plants and animals
6.       Irregularity in rainfall
7.       Decrease in underground level of water
8.       Decrease in supply of raw materials

Causes of deforestation



1.       Rapid population growth
2.       Need for domestic fuel
3.       Over grazing
4.       lack of alternative energy

Mountain region



1.       Marginal mountain region
2.       Inner mountain region
3.       Main mountain region
4.       Hilly mountain region
5.       Middle/central mountain region
Mahabharata range

Effects of climate change to agriculture and food security



1.       Global agriculture will face many challenges over the coming decades
2.       Some agricultural region will be retained by climate change, while other may be benefited
3.       Higher temperature will influence production pattern

Disaster types



1.       Natural disaster
2.       Man-made disaster

Bad-effects by disaster

1.       Lose of life
2.       Injury
3.       Damage to and destruction of property
4.       Damage to and destruction of substance and cash crops
5.       Disruption of production
6.       Disruption of lifestyle
7.       Loss of livelihood
8.       Disruption to essential services
9.       Damage to natural infrastructure
10.   national economic loss
11.   Sociological and psychological effects

Indicators of disaster denoted by the ADB



1.       Earthquake
2.       Volcanic eruption
3.       Tsunami
4.       Tropical cyclone –typhoon, hurricane

Migration and its factors


Migration

Migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi permanent residence, usually across a political boundary.

Factors of migration

Negative effect of urbanization



1.       General instability
2.       Food and water shortage
3.       Disease and pollution
4.       Computing power structure

Environmental effects of deforestation



1.       Loss of traditional culture
2.       Loss of species
3.       Soil erosion
a.       Desertification

Environment effect of ozone depletion

Ozone depletion effect

1.       Climate change

a.       Accumulation of troposphere ozone and acid aerosols, causing worsening air pollution and acid rain

Indicators of sustainability by UNCSD



1.       Poverty

a.       Proportion of population living below national poverty line
b.      Ratio of share in national income of highest to lowest quintile
c.       Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facilities
d.      Share of household without electricity or other modern energy services
e.      Proportion of urban population living in slums

2.       Governance

a.       Percentage of population having paid bribes
b.      No of international homicides per 100,000 population

3.       Health

a.       Under five mortality rate
b.      Life expectancy at birth
c.       Percentage of population with access to primary health care facilities
d.      Immunization against infections childhood diseases
e.      Nutritional status of children
f.        Morbidity of major diseases like AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, etc.

4.       Education

a.       Gross intake ratio to last grade of primary education
b.      Adult secondary schooling attainment level
c.       Net enrolment rate in primary education
d.      Adult literacy rate

5.       Demographic

a.       Population growth rate
b.      Dependency ratio

6.       Natural hazard

a.       Percentage of total population living in coastal areas
b.      Proportion of fish stocks with in safe biological limits
c.       Promotion of marine area protected

7.       Atmosphere

a.       Carbon dioxide emission
b.      consumption of emission of ozone depleting substance
c.       Ambient concentration of air pollutants in urban areas

8.       Land
a.       Arable and permanent cropland area
b.      Proportion of land area covered by forest

9.       Oceans and seas

a.       Percentage of total population living in coastal areas
b.      Proportion of fish stocks with in the safe biological limits
c.       Proportion of marine area protected

10.   Fresh water

a.       Proportion of total water resources used
b.      Water use of intensity by economic activities
c.       Presence of fiscal califorms in fresh water

11.   Biodiversity

a.       Proportion of terrestrial area protected
b.      Change in threat status of species

12.   Economic development

a.       GDP per capita
b.      Investment share GDP
c.       Debt to GNI ratio
d.      Employment population ratio
e.      Labor productivity and unit labor costs
f.        Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector
g.       Internal users per 1 lakh population
h.      Tourism contribution to GDP

13.   Global economic partnership

a.       Current account deficit as percentage of GDP
b.      Net official development assistance given or received as a percentage of GNI

14.   Consumption and production pattern

a.       Material intensity of the economy
b.      Annual energy consumption
c.       Intensity of energy use
d.      Generation of hazardous waste
e.      Waste treatment and disposal
f.        Model split of passenger transportation

Development paradigm and shift in sustainable development



Paradigm is a comprehensive belier system, world view, or framework that guide practice in a field.” Willis 2007

The world atlas of wealth is shrinking while the one of poverty is expanding.”

Development paradigm-approaches

1.       Relief approach

a.       Provide welfare to poor people
b.      Provide service and goods directly
c.       Based on belief that outside agents must help those who are unable to help themselves

2.       Perform approach

a.       Provide knowledge, skills and awareness
b.      Gets participation to run development activities
c.       Outside agent must help that the people must change their life and run their life in their own way

3.       Right approach

a.       Perceives that poverty, deprivation and backwardness are outcomes of social structure at local, national and international levels.
b.      Belief that the basic needs of poor are basic rights that these structures implicitly or explicitly deny
c.       Focuses on polity, legal and social reformation to assist the marginalization to claim these as their own basic right
d.      Makes strategies with deprived groups to empower them to participate in decision making process that affects their lives at all levels.

Systems needed for the sustainable development



1.       A political system
2.       A production system
3.       A technological system
4.       An administrative system
5.       An economic system

Dimension of sustainable development



1.       Econmomic dimension

a.       Pooverty alleviation orientd economic growth
b.      Sound aggregrate management
c.       Sustainable agriculture development
d.      Green accounting system

2.       Social dimension

a.       Equitable distribution
b.      Participatory system
c.       Availability of social services
d.      Social empowerment

3.       Cultural dimension

a.       Preservation and promotion co cultuyreal norms and values
b.      Preservation and utilization of cultural diversity and resources

4.       Environmental dimension

a.       Sustainable use of natural resources
b.      Enviranment management and protection
c.       Environment friendly development
d.      Growth and accumulation of qualitative natural capital and property
e.      Conservation of bio-diversity

5.       Human dimension

a.       Increase in employment oppertunity
b.      Ensuring future
c.       Promotion of human values, norms, culture and obligations
d.      Increase in human and Institutional capacity
e.      Promotion of democratic norms and values
f.        Empowerment of poor and disabled

6.       Political dimension

a.       Legitimacy and legitimate government
b.      Transparency and responsibility
c.       Decentralization governing system

Other theories for the sustainable development promotion



1.       Development science and appropriate technology
2.       Holistic science and appropriate technology
3.       Cultural, moral and spiritual sensetivity
4.       Self mobilization
5.       National determination
6.       National sovereignity
7.       Peace, order and national unity
8.       Social justice, inter-generational and spatial equity
9.       Participatory democracy
10.    Institutional availability
11.    Viable, sound and broad-based economic development
12.    Sustainable population
13.    Ecological soundness
14.    Bio-geological equity and community based resource management
15.    Global co-operation.